In the Gaussian-modulated coherent state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, the sender first generates Gaussian-distributed random numbers and then encodes them on weak laser pulses actively by ...

Abstract: We deal with the problem of creating empirical CDF (ECDF) for a continuous random variable X, defined as time of an event of interest, such as failure or repair. The data sample to construct ...

In economics and finance, continuous time refers to a modeling approach where time is treated as a continuous variable, allowing for infinite divisibility and smooth transitions between time periods.

Background: To compare the ability and potential additional value of various diffusion models, including continuous-time random walk (CTRW), restrictive spectrum imaging (RSI), and diffusion-weighted ...

Forecasting for any small business involves guesswork. You know your business and its past performance, but you may not be comfortable predicting the future. Using Excel is a great way to perform what ...

Quantum annealing (QA) can be competitive to classical algorithms in optimizing continuous-variable functions when running on appropriate hardware, show researchers from Tokyo Tech. By comparing the ...

Roll a die and ask students to identify the random variable. Since a die can only take on values of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, this is a discrete random variable. Repeat ...

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A random variable is a variable whose possible values are numerical outcomes of a random phenomenon. It is a fundamental concept in probability and statistics, used to quantify and analyze random ...

Abstract: Optimal design of distributed decision policies can be a difficult task, illustrated by the famous Witsenhausen counterexample. In this paper we characterize the optimal control designs for ...