Industrial control systems can be categorized in two types: open-loop and closed-loop systems. The open-loop control system is a continuous control system that provides no feedback from its output.

High-efficiency step-down switching regulators for positive voltages are very common, however negative step-down switching regulators (negative voltage in, negative voltage out, common ground) are not ...

All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology and ...