In a giant feat of genetic engineering, scientists have created bacteria that make proteins in a radically different way than all natural species do. By Carl Zimmer At the heart of all life is a code.

Decades of research has viewed DNA as a sequence-based instruction manual; yet every cell in the body shares the same genes – so where is the language that writes the memory of cell identities?

Chromosomes are tightly coiled structures in each of your cells that contain DNA, the code for all life. DNA is organized in segments on chromosomes called genes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes ...

While the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the linear flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins (black lines), glycomics introduces a “3rd code of life”—glycans—that operates ...