Optimal control theory for differential equations is a pivotal discipline that combines rigorous mathematical analysis with practical applications in engineering, economics, and the natural sciences.

Optimal control theory provides a rigorous mathematical framework for determining control policies that guide dynamical systems towards a desired performance, often by minimising an associated cost ...

The well-known and nearly hundred years old "proportional-integral- derivative"(PID) controller is a linear feedback control method which adjusts the input signal by ...

In classical control theory, both open-loop and closed-loop control systems are commonly used. These systems are well understood and rather straightforward, controlling everything from washing ...