This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. The bit error ratio (BER) is defined as the probability that a bit is received in ...

Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

Whether you design communications equipment, develop tests for production, install network subsystems, or maintain fnetworks, you need to make bit-error-rate (BER) measurements. BER measurements give ...

Error Correcting Code (ECC) technology, such as Low-Density Parity Check codes, has been around longer than most of you reading this have been alive. The reason is ...